Ethnographic Reaction Paper

Ethnographic Reaction Paper The Cheyenne individuals The Cheyenne individuals allude to the American Indians whose hereditary land lies on the western side of the Mississippi waterway. Financially they are pastoralists, trackers and finders. Socially, they live in towns while the network has groups, which separate the families.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Ethnographic Reaction Paper explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Politically, they have innate boards, which guarantee harmony inside the network. The following conversation sums up the social, social, financial and political structures of the Cheyenne Indians, explaining the effect of European investigation on their way of life. The Cheyenne Indians moved to new places contingent upon their necessities. For example, financial undertakings like exchange and chasing, attack of their territory by the whites, and their migrant way of life additionally impelled them to change their estates as often as possible (Hoebel 4). As per the anthropological information, the Cheyenne Indians had diverse recognizable proof or names, which relied upon the individuals they experienced. A portion of the names used to allude to them incorporate, Chaa, Shahiyena and Shahiela among others (Hoebel 2). Contingent upon the zone of settlement, all the names had implications. At first, they moved from their familial land for exchanging purposes. La Salle, a French pilgrim, was one of the men they depended on to start exchanging exercises their locale. In any case, due to absence of instruments utilized in shaving creature hide, they needed to look for help from the European makers. Notwithstanding relying upon the game meat, they likewise made due on wild rice from the close by stream, just as organic products from the close by woodlands. They developed their homes utilizing earth and barks of tree. Then again, some outside powers like war with different networks or clans like Ojibwa, Ute, Comanche, Kiowa and Chippewa urg ed them to, structure military gatherings, yet additionally gain ponies and weapons for guard purposes (Hoebel 8).Advertising Looking for article on human studies? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Luckily, when the United States mediated on the regional issue, it isolated the Cheyenne Indians into two gatherings the Southern and Northern relying upon their area. The Cheyenne Indians had such huge numbers of social functions like the restoration of the bolt, which takes four days to finish. The Cheyenne Indians had medication men and boss clerics who directed the majority of the network customs (Hoebel 20). The recharging of the hallowed bolt advanced solidarity among the individuals, blessed them and lectured the individuals to regard the standards of the network for their flourishing. Besides, it was to accentuate the one of a kind forces and the predominance of the central clerics and the prophets in the network. Furthermo re, the sun move is an image of virtue or new world. The ceremonial takes around eight days. Every day has unmistakable custom that individuals ought to perform. A portion of the trademarks in the service incorporate the multiplier, the erect horns and the hallowed mountain. The third function is the creature move, which guarantees the achievement of the chasing exercise, just as triumph during wars. The function takes around four days. In any case, not at all like the bolt recharging service, ladies have a task to carry out during the custom procedure. Socially, a family was a conspicuous structure in the way of life. The lead of young ladies and ladies was the focal point of the family. Youthful young ladies and young men didn't partner to guarantee immaculateness among young ladies. Admirers could just move toward young ladies however not lure them. Hence, there were exacting guidelines and guidelines concerning relationships and share was an obligatory practice. There was a divi sion of families relying upon their societal position. Property proprietorship, the character of both the female and male individuals in the family and the capacity to assault different networks are a portion of the highlights, which classified a composite family as either rich or poor.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Ethnographic Reaction Paper explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There was Kinship in the family and the family conventions and standards, which the family needed to maintain carefully. The men were the tops of the families and ladies must be accommodating. Ladies who veered off from the typical customs needed to confront discipline through whipping or banishment. There was a division of the families into Kindred, camps or groups relying upon the quantity of individuals/essential or families present. Every division spreads out principles on, which the individuals need to maintain. The related and camps structure military work force whose principle job is to secure the network against outside attack. A portion of the military structures included Elk, fox, shield and bowstring. The military gatherings had an alternate number of warriors with a specific task to carry out inside the general public. Furthermore, there was an innate board, which directed all the social, financial and political exercises of the network. The committee of boss fathomed both interior and outer clashes. They additionally guaranteed that harmony won in the network. The boss had certain temperances like liberality, solidarity and shrewd among others, which qualified them as pioneers. Besides, the Cheyenne Indians had open laws, which helped with explaining the inner and facades clashes. The laws guaranteed there was solidarity in the network by tackling the inside issues. The vast majority of the cases included homicide cases, conjugal issues, clashes over property and conduct. The law and equity structure considered improving of the curr ent laws, implementation of the society’s law and the utilization of military staff and passing equity. There was a qualification on the jobs of ladies and men and seldom false impressions resulted between the gatherings. Ladies were means ranchers who gave vegetables and different types of grains while men were trackers and finders. The requirement for chasing ground consistently raised enmity between Cheyenne Indians and their neighbors. Thusly, the network ingrained military strategies and boldness among its men to advance victory.Advertising Searching for article on human sciences? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More In spite of the fact that they had mediocre weapons contrasted with their foes, the Cheyenne troopers consistently demonstrated grit on account of the prize that lie ahead on any triumphant fight out successful. As prior referenced, the Cheyenne Indians had strict and ceremonial practices. They had strict men like the medication men who managed both customary practices and supplications. All the social and strict practices were holy as well as rehearsed in hallowed spots like on specific mountains. The social and social practices illuminated the character of the two people. In the mid to late nineteenth century, the Americans pioneers, merchants and minister attacked the Cheyenne Indians property, which prompted changes in their way of life (Hoebel 119). The nearness of whites and the mining of gold prompted the episode of sicknesses like cholera. After the war, the Cheyenne Indians marked an arrangement in 1851 with the whites. Be that as it may, after two years, a war followed and there was marking of the second arrangement in 1861 stronghold insightful settlement (Hardorff 20). The arrangements meddled with the social, monetary and legislative issues structures of the locals since they needed to live under the standard of the Americans. Other than cultivating and instruction, they likewise needed to receive Christianity surrendering their way of life. Their dressing styles and dialects changed because of the intrusion of the Americans. Specifically, finding out about the Cheyenne Indians has illuminated me on their customary practices, way of life and political structures. Other than being the locals of the Western side of the Mississippi stream, they are likewise among the notable individuals in the American history. In the first place, I have found out about the purposes behind their movement from the familial terrains and they incorporate quest for new chasing grounds, experience and after outer attack from different networks. Financially, they depended o n game meat, wild organic products, vegetables and wild rice for food. Second, the family is the most powerful social structure among the Cheyenne Indians and every relative had a one of a kind task to carry out. A portion of the social practices were additionally strict rituals. The political structure incorporates the inborn chamber, law and equity and the military gathering. In any case, the intrusion of the whites didn't just meddle with their social, monetary and political settings yet additionally constrained them to get new financial practices like smithy. Christianity assumed control over their conventional ceremonies and religion. In the contemporary society, the Cheyenne Indians consider themselves the morning star individuals and monetarily they have huge warehouses of coal utilized for age of power. At last, through paleohistory, the historical backdrop of the Cheyenne Indians is obvious to the contemporary world (Haviland et al. 10) as it is the situation in the above c onversation. Generally, the Cheyenne Indians are among the locals of the United States of America. Other than their migrant way of life, the attack of the whites into their country didn't just disturb their social legacy yet additionally changed their financial, political and social highlights. In any case, in the contemporary society globalization has absolutely meddled with their way of life. Hardorff, Richard. Cheyenne recollections of the Custer battle. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. Print. Haviland, William, Harald, Prins, and Walrath, Dana. The Essence of Anthropology. United State: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 2009. Print. Hoebel, Adamson. The Cheyennes: Indians of the Great Plains (Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. US: Wadsworth Company, 1978.

Respiratory System Asthma Exacerbation

Question: Examine about theRespiratory Systemfor Asthma Exacerbation. Answer: Presentation Asthma is a condition whose indications are brevity of breath, wheeze, and hack. These indications are joined by a huge incendiary cells deluge (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). Asthma has stable periods described by recognized intensifications of the manifestations. Asthma has different etiologies that lead to its seriousness which incorporate word related exposures, aggravations, allergens and bacterial or viral respiratory disease. Conversation Numerous reasons could have prompted Geronimos intense compounding of asthma. Respiratory contaminations could cause the expansion in the seriousness of asthma (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2011). Geronimo was experience higher respiratory tract disease with an uncertain hack with windedness. Different respiratory contamination microorganism could prompt asthma worsening. These pathogens are either microscopic organisms or infections. Geronimos asthma compounding might be because of allergens which incorporate virus. Geronimos condition was deteriorating during the virus seasons as there had been a tempest. A few aggravations could have prompted Geronimos intense intensification of asthma. This aggravation could be residue or dust grains. Geronimos condition deteriorates during the soccer coordinate. This could be on the grounds that he breathed in residue or dust grains from the fields as he played. These aggravations disturb the upper respiratory frameworks thu s exacerbating the side effects of asthma (Majak, Olszowiec-Chlebna, Smejda Stelmach, 2011). Geronimos asthma intensifications could be hack actuated since it exacerbated when he was giggling or hacking. It could be work out initiated since it intensified during the soccer coordinate. End These triggers demonstration through various systems that lead to a typical pathway including irritation, expanded bronchial responsiveness which thus prompts the block of wind stream (Ono, Taniguchi, Higashi, Mita, Kajiwara, Yamaguchi Oshikata, 2010). In this way, Geronimos seriousness could be because of any of the above reasons consequently further examinations are required. Arrangement of Asthma Presentation Asthma is gathered by the indications present and seriousness. Asthma is partitioned into mellow asthma, serious asthma, moderate asthma and discontinuous asthma, (Stout, Visness, Enright, Lamm, Shapiro, Gan, Adams Mitchell, 2008.). These classes have shifting seriousness as less extreme side effects are seen in discontinuous asthma and most genuine indications seen in extreme constant asthma. The reviewing of asthma is finished utilizing the past and current asthmatic side effects just as physical assessment joined by the proportions of lung work which incorporate spirometry and pinnacle stream estimations (Stout et al. 2008). Conversation From the clinical history that the mother gave on the asthmatic state of Geronimo, it is apparent that he has discontinuous asthma. A person with discontinuous asthma has side effects of hacking and wheezing for under about fourteen days. Geronimos mother expresses that the manifestations of hacking and wheezing had gone on for just ten days. Patients with discontinuous asthma don't encounter troubles in regular exercises except if on events where there is an asthma compounding because of the different triggers (Stout et al. 2008). The mother says that Geronimo was well until he got a bug. After he had come down with a bug, it is the point at which he began experiencing issues in performing day by day exercises. It is after he got a chilly that he started encountering issues while playing sports because of wheezing and hacking consequently he needed to abstain from running about with his mates in order to forestall the side effects. The mother additionally expresses that Geronimo is normally well separated from the typical hacks he gets and that he has just missed ten days of school over the most recent a year. These announcements from the mother show that Geronimo is well and he has irregular asthma. End Arrangement of asthma is significant since the data causes the clinical specialist to concoct the correct prescription just as have the option to decide the best possible portions expected to hold the condition under wraps. Grouping Geronimos asthma as discontinuous will help in deciding the correct drug and remedies he should take. Consequences of the Spirometry Test and the Purpose of an Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Presentation Spirometry alludes to an office test that is utilized decide the working state of the lungs by assessing the measure of air that is breathed in, breathed out and how rapidly do these procedures happen. Spirometry is utilized in diagnosing conditions influencing the pace of breathing and in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) (Francisco, Ner, Ge, Hewett Knig, 2015). Blood vessel Blood Gas (ABG) test is utilized to quantify the measure of oxygen and carbon (IV) oxide in the blood just as to decide the patients blood pH (Mousavi, Fereshtehnejad, Khalili, Naghavi Yahyazadeh, 2014) Conversation The basic estimations of the spirometry are; constrained essential limit (FVC) and Forced expiratory volume (FEV-1). FVC likewise suggests the most extreme air that can be breathed out by an individual when taking a profound relax. On the off chance that FVC is lower than the typical, in this manner, it will suggest that there is limitation of relaxing. FEV-1 methods the air which ones can breathe out inside one second from the lungs. The FEV-1 is useful in surveying the seriousness of ones breathing issue. In the event that FEC-1 is lower than ordinary it shows an increasingly noteworthy obstacle (Francisco et al. 2015). The normal estimations of FEV-1 are somewhere in the range of 80% and 120%. Geronimos beginning FEV-1 readings were 55% demonstrating a critical aviation route obstacle because of the impact of asthma. The last FEV-1 readings after medicine were 74% which indicated that the condition had improved yet didn't arrive at the estimations of ordinary people. An ABG test ought to be performed since the asthmatic condition diminishes the measure of oxygen in the blood, expands carbon dioxide and expanded causticity. End Both spirometry and ABG tests ought to consistently be performed to know the seriousness of the asthma so the vital move can be made. Drug and treatment ought to be founded on the discoveries of these tests. Types of Asthma Medication Presentation There are different classes of asthma medicine. A few meds incorporate those which control asthma for a brief timeframe and those which are utilized for quite a while. Different meds are utilized for speedy help, and different medications are utilized for sensitivities brought about by asthma. Meds for asthma treatment are in three structures; long haul asthma control drugs, drugs utilized for sensitivity incited asthma and the speedy alleviation meds. Conversation The drawn out asthma control drugs are generally taken frequently to tame the incessant indications just as forestall asthma assaults (Bush Frey, 2016). These medications incorporate the long-acting beta agonists, breathed in corticosteroids, theophylline, leukotriene modifiers and the mix of corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists. The breathed in corticosteroids incorporate mometasone, flunisolide, budesonide, ciclesonide, and fluticasone (Mori, Fujisawa, Inui, Hashimoto, Enomoto, Nakamura Yamada, 2016). The leukotriene modifiers are zileuton, zafirlukast, and montelukast. The long-acting beta agonists incorporate formoterol and salmeterol. The consolidated medications incorporate breo, dulera, Symbicort and Advair plate. The speedy alleviation drugs are medications that are taken for fast and help in a brief timeframe used to treat asthma or forestall an asthma assault. These medications incorporate ipratropium, short-acting beta agonists like albuterol and the oral/iv corti costeroids used to manage an increasingly serious asthma assault. The oral corticosteroids for genuine asthma incorporate methylprednisolone and prednisolone. The third class contains drugs utilized for hypersensitivity prompted asthma. These medications are taken all the more regularly to decrease the bodys affectability to the different allergens. These prescriptions are hypersensitivity shots for immunotherapy and oxalizumab. End To keep the indications of asthma controlled there is have to distinguish the side effects and symptoms to empower the change of treatment likewise. A large portion of the asthma drugs are intended to lessen the seriousness of the indications and not totally fix the condition. References Bramble, A., Frey, U. (2016). Security of long-acting beta-agonists in kids with asthma. Places for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC. (2011). Fundamental signs: asthma predominance, malady attributes, and self-administration instruction: United States, 2001- - 2009. MMWR. Horribleness and mortality week after week report, 60(17), 547. Francisco, B., Ner, Z., Ge, B., Hewett, J., Knig, P. (2015). Affectability of various spirometric tests for identifying aviation route obstacle in youth asthma. Diary of Asthma, 52(5), 505-511. Majak, P., Olszowiec-Chlebna, M., Smejda, K., Stelmach, I. (2011). Nutrient D supplementation in kids may forestall asthma compounding activated by intense respiratory contamination. Diary of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 127(5), 1294-1296. Mori, K., Fujisawa, T., Inui, N., Hashimoto, D., Enomoto, N., Nakamura, Y., ... Yamada, T. (2016). Venture down treatment from medium-measurement of budesonide/formoterol in controlled asthma. Respiratory Medicine, 119, 1-6. Mousavi, S. A. J., Fereshtehnejad, S. M., Khalili, N., Naghavi, M., Yahyazadeh, H. (2014). Blood vessel blood gas and spirometry boundaries influence the length of remain in hospitalized asthmatic patients. Clinical diary of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 28, 4. Ono, E., Taniguchi, M., Higashi, N., Mita, H., Kajiwara, K., Yamaguchi, H., ... Oshikata, C. (2010). CD203c articulation on human basophils is related with asthma compounding. Diary of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125(2), 483-489. Strong, J.W., Visness, C.M., Enright, P., Lamm, C., Shapiro, G., Gan, V.N., Adams, G.K. what's more, Mitchell, H.E., 2008. Grouping of asthma seriousness in kids: the commitment of pneumonic capacity te

10 Tips for Saying Goodbye to Your College-Bound Child

10 Tips for Saying Goodbye to Your College-Bound Child For some, guardians, bidding farewell to a little girl or child took off to school is one of lifes most tweaking minutes. As a parent, you need to leave your youngster on a cheery note, and you may attempt to crush any concern or misery. Dont battle it-its a characteristic reaction. All things considered, a youngster whos been an essential focal point of your life is going to strike out all alone, and your job will be diminished. There are loads of approaches to limit the tears and move with the changes, making the splitting procedure simpler for undergrads and their folks. The Year Before Departure Your childs senior year is pressure-loaded up with stresses over school applications and acknowledgments, worries with keeping up grades and doing numerous things once and for all. In spite of the fact that your adolescent may grieve last occasions shared by the school network (last homecoming move, football match-up, school play, melodic show, prom), its harder to deal with individual misfortunes that cant be openly shared. Rather than being available with the trouble, numerous teenagers think that its simpler to communicate outrage, and those upheavals might be aimed at relatives. They may subliminally think its simpler to part from an idiotic, whimpering more youthful sister or a controlling, inhumane parent than close relatives whom they love and are hesitant to leave; in this way, they may act in manners that make a separation. Overlook the terrible upheavals and the names. This isn't your high schooler loathing on you-its your youngster subliminally attempting to make it simpler to separate from the family. Numerous families report that more contentions break out in the last a very long time before school than any time in recent memory. Your high schooler may mark you or other relatives, however that is not a judgment on you as a parent. Its generalizing simply like the marks monstrous stepsister or malice stepmother are cartoons and generalizations. Its simpler to envision a brilliant future at school when youre abandoning a cliché sticking mother, tyrannical dad, or more youthful kin whos continually butting in.Dont think about it literally. You arent doing anything incorrectly this is only a typical piece of growing up. Youngsters who are attempting to discover autonomy need to separate themselves from guardians and family and express their own solid assessments and thoughts of how things ought to be f inished. Dont infer that your kid has consistently detested you and that their genuine nature is coming out now that theyre leaving for school. Its simply part of the partition procedure and is a brief phase of advancement. Dont acknowledge it; its not your youngster talking-its the dread of venturing out from home and entering the grown-up world that is lashing out at you. Resist the urge to panic. You might be looking for bedsheets or towels and a battle emits over the littlest of things. Take a full breath, resist the urge to panic, and continue with what youre doing. Fight the temptation to surrender and do it one more day. The more you can stay with your schedules and all your arranged school planning, the more youll limit struggle and stress. It wont be simpler to shop or traverse your childs school plan for the day on the off chance that you defer it for a superior day since that day may not come except if you keep it together and manage these minutes serenely. The School Drop-Off Move-in day is consistently disorderly and complicated. You may have been doled out a particular move-in time or show up as one of the several vehicles lined up to drop off boxes and bags. Whatever the circumstance, let your youngster start to lead the pack. One of the most noticeably terrible things guardians can do that can acquire them the helicopter mark is to micromanage each part of move-in day and cause their little girl or child to appear to be silly and powerless, particularly before the RA or dormitory mates they will be living with. Let your understudy sign in, get the quarters key or key card, and get some answers concerning the accessibility of gear, for example, hand trucks or moving trucks. In spite of the fact that you should do things any other way, its your approaching freshmans new life and new apartment, not yours. There are no prizes for the individual who moves in first, so dont feel as though you need to surge. Moreover, there is no correct. Recollect whose school life this is. One feeling that guardians feel (yet are hesitant to recognize) is disappointment or desire. We all have some cheerful recollections of school, and on the off chance that we could turn the clock back, the vast majority of us would be anxious to remember a day or two of our school encounters. Dont beat yourself up over this; envy is something numerous guardians feel. Youre by all account not the only one, and this doesnt make you a terrible parent. Yet, dont let that envy impact your understudies first day at school. Let them locate their own encounters in their own time.Dont condemn. Perhaps theirâ new flat mate appears as though a debacle and the high schooler down the corridor appears to be a superior fit. Regardless of what your feelings are, hush up about them, and dont share your remarks with your kid. Your childs living autonomously implies making their own decisions and surveying individuals and circumstances without anyone else. On the of f chance that you stroll into your childrens school life and as of now begin making these evaluations, youve disappointed them without acknowledging it and are not giving them the possibility or the credit to make up their own psyche about things. Be wonderful, positive, and nonpartisan pretty much all that occurs. Let your understudy do the talking. There will be a great deal of new individuals to meet and names to recall. Also, it is your childs occupation to keep everything straight, not yours. In the event that youre the parent of a socially clumsy or modest understudy, you may think that its hard not to bounce in and assume control over the circumstance, make presentations all around, and arrange the top or base bunk or the better dresser and work area for your posterity. Continue advising yourself that its not your school understanding or your choice to make-its your childs. Any decision that they make is the correct one since they made it, and not anybody else.Prepare for not being totally arranged. Regardless of how far ahead of time you plan or how careful you are in your rundown making, shopping, and pressing, youll either overlook something or locate that specific things dont work in your childs new living courses of action or new life. Dont overbook your drop-off day with no additio nal opportunity to race to the closest drugstore, general store, or rebate store, since you will need to get those fundamentals you by one way or another ignored. Its much simpler for you to make that fast outing via vehicle as opposed to leaving your youngster with additional money and anticipating that them should walk or take a transport to new areas. Plan an additional two hours of unscheduled time so you can deal with these things. Resemble Goldilocks porridge: on the money. Submit a general direction to the story The Three Little Bears. At the point when the opportunity arrives to bid farewell and leave your kid at school, dont be excessively warm (tearful and crying and grasping on for dear life) and dont be excessively cool (removed and cursory in your embrace farewell and excessively matter-of-actuality in your feelings). Endeavor to be perfect. Its OK to cry a few tears and give your youngster a decent, strong, Ill truly miss you loving squeeze and state the amount you love and will miss them. Children expect that and feel hurt on the off chance that you dont show adequate feeling. This isn't an ideal opportunity to put on the daring, apathetic face. Show the legitimate feelings of a parent who adores a youngster and thinks that its difficult to pull away. All things considered, that is actually what youre feeling, and genuineness is the best arrangement. Post Drop-Off Days and Weeks Youve bid farewell. Presently would not joke about this. It might be difficult to accept, yet a few guardians message their kids the moment they get in the vehicle and drive away. Put the telephone down and give them their space. Dont call each day to ensure everythings OK. On the off chance that conceivable, let your kid be the one to meet up. Numerous guardians concede to a foreordained day and time to converse with their kid by telephone or Skype, normally once per week. By regarding limits and their need to isolate, you will enable your youngster to set up an autonomous life and build up another encouraging group of people of others they can trust.Dont drift, however be there. Numerous guardians utilize internet based life to monitor their children at school and ask their youngsters to companion them so they can keep in touch. Watch and look, however dont post or remark. Let them have their own space. What's more, if your kid informs you regarding episodes at school that are upse tting, fight the temptation to get included except if they request that you mediate. Some portion of growing up includes confronting troublesome or testing minutes and finding a route through those tough situations. Indications of development incorporate adaptability, adaptability,â and flexibility, and school is the perfect opportunity to take a shot at these aptitudes. Yet, on the off chance that circumstances heighten to where they undermine your childs physical or emotional wellness or put them in risk step in and offer guide. Be that as it may, request authorization first. You need to help your kid however much as could be expected yet not to the degree that you disassemble the underlying establishment of independence. Finding the correct parity will require some investment, yet inevitably, youll both arrive.

Urban Parks Essay -- New Urban Landscape

Like most Americans, I hope to discover in each city, each town, even in each town in the nation, an outside entertainment territory or what is typically called a recreation center; and I am only sometimes baffled. Regardless of how new and incomplete a town might be, or anyway old and poor, I realize that it will contain, wedged in among the packed squares of structures, a rectangular space with grass and trees and wandering ways and maybe a bandstand or a flagpole. - John B. Jackson, â€Å"The Past and Future Park† in Denatured Visions  Urban parks are characterized in their near and contrastive connections to the urban situations encompassing them. Albeit habitually conceptualized as normal scenes, the physical and social employments of parks offer verification to their intrinsically social â€Å"nature.† For the reason for this paper, I will utilize the term â€Å"culture† to allude to human executed social items and activities; nature, at that point, as a composed word and an idea circled in culture, turns into a social development. The possibility of â€Å"nature† or â€Å"natural,† I will endeavor to contend, alludes to a specific arrangement of social ideas as developed through a talk that is focused away from people and described by madness, immaculateness, and essentialness. Distinctively expressed, nature works as a social develop of hostile to culture, giving a departure from the bounds of culture in the feeling of progress, yet doesn't altogether avoid the theoretical system in alienable to the social, verbose arrangement of human thoughts. This mixing connection among nature and culture is very much shown in the case of urban parks. Parks are developed as regular habitats however actually and allegorically built by human social proc... ...el, B. what's more, Cecil D. Elliott. Structuring America: Creating Urban Identity. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1994. Groth, Paul. â€Å"Vernacular Parks.† Wrede and Adams 135-137. Jackson, John B. â€Å"The Past and Future Park.† Wrede and Adams 129-134 Peck, Robert McCraken. â€Å"The Museum that Never Was.† Natural History July 1994: 62-7. Platt, Rutherford H. â€Å"Conclusion† in The Ecological City, Rutherford H. Platt, Rowan A. Rowntree and Pamela C. Muick, eds. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1994. Schultz, Stanley K. Developing Urban Culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989. Schuyler, David. The New Urban Landscape. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. Wrede, Stuart and William Howard Adams, eds. Denatured Visions: Landscape and Culture in the Twentieth Century. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1991.

Suppliers Relationship at Pfizer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Providers Relationship at Pfizer - Essay Example As of third quarter of 2010, the organization revealed its all out income of $16.2 billion regardless of the financial downturn in certain pieces of the world (Pfizer, 2010 c). This figure is 39% more than the all out income of Pfizer during the third quarter of 2009. (See Table I †Comparison between Pfizer’s third Quarter Revenue somewhere in the range of 2009 and 2010 beneath) previously, lion's share of the buyers are looking for a wide-scope of wellsprings of crude materials given that the provider can offer the organization the most reduced market cost for a similar item (Gadde and Hakansson 1993, pp. 165 †166). Today, buyers are after the need to build up a drawn out synergistic relationship with its providers so as to profit less expensive top notch crude materials (Chobra and Meindl 2001; Araujo, Dubois and Gadde 1999; Bensaou 1999). Comparable to the business development of Pfizer, this report wide-scope of will examine about the significance and ways on the most proficient method to appropriately deal with the flexibly side of crude materials by building up a decent connection with its providers. Beside talking about the various degrees of inclusion in which Pfizer can build up great connection with its providers, this report will examine a few systems that will empower Pfizer keep up a solid and enduring relationship with its certify providers. Provider relationship the executives has been a typical practice in gracefully chain the executives of global organizations like Pfizer. As clarified by Wisner, Tan and Leong (2009, p. 95).

Do Cash Advances Have an Interest-Free Grace Period

Do Cash Advances Have an Interest-Free Grace Period Do Cash Advances Have an Interest-Free Grace Period? Do Cash Advances Have an Interest-Free Grace Period?If you pay off your credit card regularly, you can avoid paying any interest on your balances. Unless that is, you take out a credit card cash advance Using a credit card can be tricky. One the one hand, they’re a great way to rack up awesome points and rewards, and they can also help smooth over those “two days till payday” blues. On the other hand, theyre also a great way to rack up excess debt on your card, which will hurt your credit score and leave you stuck with lots of interest.The key to using credit cards responsibly is to make sure you pay them off within the 30-day interest-free grace period. That way, youre basically getting those points or miles for free! But if you think the same thing applies to credit card cash advances, think again. How do credit cards work?When you take out a credit card, you’re basically opening a revolving line of credit. You’re given a maximum amount that you can borrow on the cardâ€"k nown as your “credit limit”â€"and you can borrow as much or as little against that limit as you like.Any time you make a transaction on the card, the amount that you paid is added to your balance. That balance then accrues interest as determined by the card’s Annual Percentage Rate, or APR. The higher the balance, the more money will accrue in interest.Every month, you will be required to make a minimum payment on the amount you owe. The formula for that minimum payment varies from card to card, but it’s often something like “$15 plus 2 percent.” Because the monthly minimum amount is so small, it can take several yearsâ€"or often much longerâ€"to pay off a credit card if you are only making your minimum payment.Almost all credit cards do, however, come with a 30-day interest-free grace period before interest starts to accrue on a given transaction. Pay off that balance within 30 days and you won’t be charged any interest!What about credit card cash advances?When you ma ke a transaction on your credit card, no cash changes hands. You simply swipe the card at the grocery store or enter the card’s information online and the funds are all transferred electronically.However, you can use a credit card to get cash if you really need it. Simply visit an ATM or a bank teller and you can charge a cash withdrawal to your card. The amount you charge is added to your total balanceâ€"just like any other credit card transactionâ€"while you receive that same dollar amount in physical cash.Do cash advances have a grace period?No, they do not. When you take out a cash advance on your credit card, interest begins to accrue on that transaction amount immediately. The sooner you pay off that balance, the less interest will accrue, but this does  mean that you can’t take out a credit card cash advance without paying at least some amount of interest.And that’s not the only way that a credit card cash advance will prove more expensive. First, you will usually be ch arged an additional fee simply for making the transaction. Second, most cash advances have a separate, higher APR from regular credit card purchases. Not only will interest start accruing immediately, but more interest will accrue overall.Unless you absolutely need cash and need it now, it’s best to avoid taking out a cash advance on your credit card.What about other types of cash advances?There’s another type of cash advance besides the kind you can take out on your credit card. These cash advances are a kind of short-term no credit check loan that you could get from a storefront lender or check-cashing establishmentâ€"or even take one out as an online loan.Basically, they’re the same thing as payday loans.These cash advance loans definitely don’t come with an interest-free grace period. In fact, that’s not even how they accrue interest. Finance charges for these types of personal loans are generally calculated as a flat rate and don’t accrue over time.Lets say you take out a $300 two-week cash advance loan with a 15 percent interest rate; your interest charge of $45 will be immediately added to the amount you owe. This means that paying off the loan early won’t save you any money at all.The rates on these loans are much higher than the rates for credit card cash advances. The APR for a credit cash advance might be something like 23 percent, while that 15 percent charge on a two-week cash advance works out to an APR of almost 400 percent!Furthermore, the lump-sum repayment terms for these short-term loans make them very difficult for many people to repay. That’s how they end up reborrowing the loan rolling it over, paying only the interest owed and extending the due date complete with a new interest charge. It can be all too easy for these borrowers to become trapped in a dangerous cycle of debt.Save up cash for a rainy day.While a cash advance might be a marginally safer bad credit loan option than, say, a predatory title loan or an overdraft free, that doesn’t mean it’s actually a good option.You might do better with a bad credit installment loan, but the best thing you can do is save up a cash emergency fund. That way, you won’t have to take out any debt at all to cover emergency expenses!To learn more about how you can build up your savings, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterA Beginner’s Guide to Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackHow to Save Money When You’re Already on a Tight BudgetDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |Instagram

The Unconscious Image of the Conscious Mind - Literature Essay Samples

The Unconscious Image of the Conscious Mind â€Å"Psychology helps us to talk about what the novelist knows† (Fish and Perkins), as through the meticulous analysis of a literary work, its major themes or symbolism, one can theoretically reach at the personality and mind-frame of the author. It is via the use of literary psychoanalysis that The Picture of Dorian Gray can be read as the unconscious image of Oscar Wilde, whose major characters reflect, in fact, the internal conflicts of his own, struggling mind. The main trio that emerges from this arrangement: Lord Henry Wotton, Dorian Gray, and Basil Hallward, represents the human mind described by the Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud: made up of the id, ego, and superego. Freud believed that no man is ever in his full mental capacity, or health, for that matter; likewise, the artist, â€Å"like the neurotic, is oppressed by unusually powerful instinctual needs which lead him to turn away from reality to fantasy† (Ea gleton 179). Only in the safety of such an illusion, can the irrational, unconscious id surface in a character like Lord Henry, the symbol of those dark and mischievous forces, or men, who find ill pleasures in tormenting the weak and deceiving the inexperienced. Watching his test subject gradually drift towards emotional annihilation, he plays the role of the writer’s personal Eden snake, and represents all the repressed temptations that seduce the fragile ego, a.k.a. Dorian. â€Å"You will always be fond of me,† he tells the confused lad, explaining, â€Å"I represent to you all the sins you have never had the courage to commit† (Wilde 71). His mentality, life ideology and principles (or the lack of them) ultimately stem from the deepest, wildest source of psychosexual desires and intuitive energy, widely known to psychologists as the libido, and defined by Lord Henry himself as the â€Å"New Hedonism.† This philosophy is that of the unrestrained, of what has long been rejected as barbaric, disdainful, and most of all, immoral – since it stands in opposition to the basic concepts of civilization, primarily social unity and the repression of wild impulses for the sake of reason. The id not only defies morality in the cultural-intellectual sense; as Dorian Gray submits to Lord Henry’s corrupting influence, he irreversibly loses his own humanity, because as much as one’s actions are always motivated at the core by â€Å"the avoidance of pain and the gaining of pleasure† (Eagleton 191), once pleasure becomes the sole purpose for earthly existence, common sense is replaced by a mental condition called a psychosis. It is thus reasonable to say, as has been assumed by Freudians, that the artist is just as fixated as their patients, with the sole difference being that the painter or composer can channel his untold phobias or cravings onto the canvas, or music notes, lessening the tension between the consc ious and the inherent. Still, the psyche is in ceaseless conflict between its major forces: the id, ego, and superego. In this concealed battle, the ego is continually torn between the secret yearnings of the id, and the guilt that results from harboring socially inappropriate thoughts, such as the indulgent notion that â€Å"pleasure is the only thing worth having a theory about† (Wilde 69). Dorian Gray is the personification of this â€Å"pitiable, precarious entity,† which is forever â€Å"battered by the external world, scourged by the cruel upbraidings of the superego, plagued by the greedy, insatiable demands of the id† (Eagleton 161). Thus, â€Å"Prince Charming† finds himself caught up between the self-proclaimed hedonism of Lord Henry, and the regulatory teachings of Basil Hallward – his long-time friend, admirer, and, eventually, victim. The emotional transformation of the ego from an unspoiled lad of exceptional beauty – whose ob livion to the flaws and passions of the world make him the perfect target for Lord Henry’s fiendish experiments – into a heartless murderer, is one of the most comprehensive and believable psychological studies in literature. For the ego is the most changeable of the three aforementioned fractions: it undergoes various stages, organized by Freud into the so-called psychosexual stages of development. This theory states that all social and sexual problems emerging in adult life ultimately stem from a fixation which occurred during one of the five focal stages. Dorian’s promiscuous and apathetic behavior is most probably rooted in the phallic stage: the time of â€Å"morality and sexuality identification† (Fleming and Neill). It is due to the theatrical death of Sibyl Vane and the influence of Lord Henry that Dorian demotes himself to become but a spectator to his own life, perceiving people as oblivious marionettes, whom he learns to play like â€Å"an exq uisite violin† (Wilde 34). Following in the tracks of his decadent guru, the lad loses all respect for human dignity and morality, to eventually grow sick of his notorious misdemeanor. Yet, it is not the conscious burden of sin that makes him despise his luxurious practice; the reason behind Dorian’s breakdown is the realization that he can never rid himself of the most awful memories, let alone the tedious fear of being exposed. His paranoia stems from the lack of balance between the id, ego, and superego; and as Lord Henry completely takes over his mind and soul, it is Basil Hallward who desperately tries to balance the equation. After all, the role of the superego is to control the egotism and mischief of his shameless counterparts, censoring the commonly unacceptable or just overly narcissistic urges of the mind. Although Freud’s famous slogan, â€Å"where id was, there shall ego be† (Eagleton 160), stresses the importance of the ego resisting the imm oral impulses, the process is supervised, and in large part stimulated, by the superego – or, in our case, the principled Basil. Its most powerful weapons being fear and guilt, it acts as the ultimate defender of morality and social norms; it is because of the eventual revolt of the superego, disgusted at Dorian’s corruption, that the murderer cannot help noticing what he believes are scornful looks on the street or hushed snickers behind his back. Finding it impossible to launch a full scale offensive on the id, the superego resorts to the next best thing: relentless guerrilla warfare. For only through the persistent reminders of sin (Basil’s continuous preaching) can the unconscious guardian of ethics make sure that â€Å"in her dealings with man, Destiny never closed her accounts† (Wilde 164). What pushes the persona of Basil Hallward even further into the realm of the superego, is his profession: being a gifted painter, he depicts the artistic notions that are said to be closely â€Å"intertwined with the repression and pain† (Spurgin). Self-expression is the only way for a painter, poet, or musician to deal with the unconscious feelings of guilt, fear, and suffering. As the censor of everything ever thought or felt by the id and ego, the superego must find some sort of a tolerable site for the unacceptable to be let out, freeing the mind of what it cannot contain within. Nevertheless, art provides a catharsis not only for the creator, but also for the spectator: that is why Dorian’s existence consists solely of nights at the opera, rich buffets, and elite discourses about everything but life itself. â€Å"Without your art you are nothing† (Wilde 77), he tells Sibyl Vane, leaving the desolate actress at the mercy of her broken heart, just as he comes to disregard Basil for his moral preaching and reminiscence of the world’s sins. For as much as the superego invokes inspiration to relieve the internal pressure, its ultimate strife is gaining enough strength to face the horridly un-artistic reality without fright or uncertainty. In summary, through the grafting of techniques of literary psychoanalysis onto the text, the work of Oscar Wilde acquires an intriguing, though often unnoticed, layer. Here, each character plays a dual role of both a fictitious individual – like Lord Henry, Dorian, or Basil – and an unaware representative of the author’s own personality. Picturing the eternal clash between the self-gratifying id, indecisive ego, and righteous superego, the novel acts somewhat therapeutically on the writer, as it provides him a secure dimension to deal with his most ineffable passions and deepest anxieties. Similarly, literature proves purifying to the plagued reader, setting in motion â€Å"an interplay of unconscious fantasies and conscious defenses against them† (Eagleton 182), and justifying man’s fascination with the written language. After all, one does not really care about the universal truths, or moral messages conveyed in poems or paintings; the truth is that man’s fascination with art is merely the ego’s desperate cry for individuality and self-knowledge.Works CitedEagleton, Terry. Literary Theory: An Introduction. Minneapolis: the University of Minnesota Press, 1983.Fish, Tom, and Jennifer Perkins. Psychoanalytic: The Literary Criticism Web. 23 July 1999. 8 May 2004 Fleming, Michelle, and James Neill. Personality and Individual Differences: An Undergraduate Psychology Course. 14 Apr. 2004. 8 May 2004 .Spurgin, Tim. English 60A Contemporary Critical Theory. 3 Oct. 1997. 7 May 2004 .Wilde, Oscar. The Picture of Dorian Gray and Other Writings. New York: Bantam Books, 1982.

The Theories Of Development, Iq And The Pressure - 968 Words

Out of the major theories of development, â€Å"IQ and the Pressure to Perform† relates the closest to Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory. This theory incorporates two main points that pertain to the ideas displayed in this documentary: children’s active engagement with their environment and â€Å"the solo mind taking in and interpreting information about the world† (Papalia, 2015, p.31). These ideas can be seen throughout the video as parents showing flashcards to young children/infants, both with words and mathematical problems. This theory is essentially the main idea behind Better Baby Institute shown in the video. This institution develops methods for parents to use to actively engage their children in learning and the ability to read and do mathematics. In these methods, there is an extreme amount of scaffolding, or â€Å"temporary support to help a child master a task† (Papalia, 2015, p. 31), as parents are constantly giving the child the su pport he or she needs to excel. A specific example of this theory from the video is the children named Edword and Justin learning to read at a very young age. This example incorporates both active engagement (flashcards, whiteboards, etc) and intake and interpretation of information (Edword actually comprehending the words he is learning) (IQ and the Pressure to Perform, scene 1). Another main aspect of development touched on by â€Å"IQ and the Pressure to Perform† is the influence of critical periods on children’s cognitive development. OurShow MoreRelated The IQ Debate Essay1140 Words   |  5 PagesIntelligence Quotient (IQ), developed by Alfred Binet in early 20th century to identify which French children needed more attention from their educators. The use of IQ tests progressively spread to all parts of the world. The use of these tests has raised controversy among psychologists and educators, with supporters of IQ tests assuming that the tests produce measure of genetically transmitted intelligence. 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Their fine and gross motor skills improve too and they have greater strength and muscle control since their bodies have grown in sizeRead MoreMte 506 Observation Analysis Essay2678 Words   |  11 PagesResearch Paper Education theory can either be descriptive like the sciences or normative like in philosophy. Education theory postulates what education processes are supposed to consist of; it sets the standards, norms, and goals in carrying out an education process. The scientific education theory gives a set of hypotheses, which have to be experimented and verified. The two approaches have produced two broad categories of education theories, which are the functionalist’s theory of education arisingRead MoreChfd215 Test 32484 Words   |  10 Pagesrelies on only one mechanism of development. D. it is inconsistent with Piagets theory. 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Evaluation Of The Data Collection - 1166 Words

Based on the sequential design shown above, the analysis of the data collection is completed. The next step is to meet with the participants separated by individual departments to share and discuss the analyzed data. By meeting in this manner aids the researcher in pinpointing exactly where the internal problems lie (Cooper Schindler, 2010). The researcher acknowledges that the focus groups comprised a total of 90 participants. 1. Sales/Marketing 40 2. Customer Service 25 3. Training 10 4. Compliance/Audit 15 The researcher wants all to understand the unevenness in the breakdown is due to department size and because of the nature of the business. The next phase of the research design consists of measurement instruments. The†¦show more content†¦The XYZ validity rate was set a 90%, and the next stage in the research would be to confirm whether or not the validity rate was reached. Date Collection Measurement As stated previously in the research design section of this paper the data collection methods used were by using survey questionnaires, interviews, focus group interviews and observations. The instrument design will be a set of question comprised of free-response, structured and unstructured responses, multiple-choice, double-barreled and rated questions. The reasoning behind the researcher using so many instruments is because there are four departments involved in the study. The ultimate goal is to determine exactly what is lacking in each individual department and XYS as a whole. Data Analysis Survey questionnaires were conducted for all participants and the protocol was comprised of questions to determine if the participants understood the regulations that govern RR’s as shown below. 1. Before licensing, were you informed about the RR guidelines. 2. After licensing, did you ensure the regulatory paperwork was completed in its entirety. 3. Was all outside activity reported. 4. Have you forgotten to document any outside activity. 5. Have you reported any financial difficulties. Focus group questions were another part of the data collection and those questions were as follows. 1. How many here understand the SEC guidelines 2. How many are sure that they are

Method Overloading Default Parameters in Delphi

Functions and procedures are an important part of the Delphi language. Starting with Delphi 4, Delphi allows us to work with functions and procedures that support default parameters (making the parameters optional), and permits two or more routines to have an identical name  but operate as completely different routines. Lets see how Overloading and default parameters can help you code better. Overloading Simply put, overloading is declaring more than one routine with the same name. Overloading allows us to have multiple routines that share the same name, but with a different number of parameters and types. As an example, lets consider the following two functions: {Overloaded routines must be declared with the overload directive} function SumAsStr(a, b :integer): string; overload; begin   Ã‚   Result : IntToStr(a b) ; end; function SumAsStr(a, b : extended; Digits:integer): string; overload; begin   Ã‚   Result : FloatToStrF(a b, ffFixed, 18, Digits) ; end; These declarations create two functions, both called SumAsStr, that take a different number of parameters and are of two different types. When we call an overloaded routine, the compiler must be able to tell which routine we want to call. For example, SumAsStr(6, 3) calls the first SumAsStr function, because its arguments are integer-valued. Note: Delphi will help you pick the right implementation with the help of code completion and code insight. On the other hand, consider if we try to call the SumAsStr function as follows: SomeString : SumAsStr(6.0,3.0) Well get an error that reads: there is no overloaded version of SumAsStr that can be called with these arguments. This means that we should also include the Digits parameter used to specify the number of digits after the decimal point. Note: There is only one rule when writing overloaded routines, and that is that an  overloaded routine must differ in at least one parameter type. The return type, instead, cannot be used to distinguish among two routines. Two Units - One Routine Lets say we have one routine in unit A, and unit B uses unit A, but declares a routine with the same name. The declaration in unit B does not need the overload directive - we should use unit As name to qualify calls to As version of the routine from unit B. Consider something like this: unit B; ... uses A; ... procedure RoutineName; begin    Result : A.RoutineName; end; An alternative to using overloaded routines is to use default parameters, which usually results in less code to write and maintain. Default/Optional Parameters In order to simplify some statements, we can give a default value for the parameter of a function or procedure, and we can call the routine with or without the parameter, making it optional. To provide a default value, end the parameter declaration with the equal () symbol followed by a constant expression. For example, given the declaration function SumAsStr (a,b : extended; Digits : integer 2) : string; the following function calls are equivalent. SumAsStr(6.0, 3.0) SumAsStr(6.0, 3.0, 2) Note:  Parameters with default values must occur at the end of the parameter list, and must be passed by value or as const. A reference (var) parameter cannot have a default value. When calling routines with more than one default parameter, we cannot skip parameters (like in VB): function SkipDefParams(var A:string; B:integer5, C:booleanFalse):boolean; ... //this call generates an error message CantBe : SkipDefParams(delphi, , True) ; Overloading With Default Parameters When using both function or procedure overloading and default parameters, dont introduce ambiguous routine declarations. Consider the following declarations: procedure DoIt(A:extended; B:integer 0) ; overload; procedure DoIt(A:extended) ; overload; The call to DoIt procedure like DoIt(5.0), does not compile. Because of the default parameter in the first procedure, this statement might call both procedures, because it is impossible to tell which procedure is meant to be called.

Research of Restaraunt for Business Research Essay

Table of Contents Introduction 3 Research Objectives 3 Research Questions 4 Answers to Research Questions 5 Answer to Research Question 1. 5 Answer to Question 2. 6 Answer to Question 3. 7 Answer to Question 4. 8 Answer to Question 5. 9 Answer to Question 6. 10 Recommendations for the Remington’s Restaurant 11 References 14 Introduction The Remington restaurant, located in Tampa Florida, wanted to better understand their customer’s views and opinions of the restaurant by using a survey method. This method would reveal the perception of the customer to see what category the Remington restaurant is in, what performance the customer expects, and how satisfied the customers are when they leave the Remington†¦show more content†¦What kind of result was found by the research design? Compare the effectiveness of the survey research to the other subordinate data, experimentation or observation in the perspective of gathering information for this project. The type of survey that the Remington Restaurant used was the self-administered Internet survey. This kind of survey is probably the cheapest survey for the person collecting data. It involves minimum personnel and low cost as compared with other methods. Since 73% of American households are actively using the Internet, an Internet survey would be the best i dea to cover a large location fact while conserving energy, money, and time (Cooper, Schindler, 2008). Internet survey’s can also give one access to graphs, charts and percentages automatically. Also, the Internet survey will be able to give one an idea of the customer’s attitude and perception of the Remington’s Restaurant. By using secondary information one would be able to see general information such as, what the demographic is of the average family is in the area, what is the general income, and how many times the family eats at restaurant in a week. By shifting the focus off of the Remington’s Restaurant and on to the genre of restaurants the Remington’s Restaurant is associated with would dilute the information the Remington’s Restaurant wanted to know about their customer’s satisfaction with the Remington’s Restaurant.Show MoreRelatedPsychologists Role in Law Enforcement3390 Words   |  14 Pagesthey are often found a t or traveling to, their demographics and any other biographical information about them. Information obtained from this profile could help investigators narrow a large pool of suspects down; which in this case would be a restaraunt full of people. When investigators call witnesses in to be interviewed, I may be called in to create a psychological profile of the witness due to the fact that there is no suspect in this case as of yet. A psychological profile is a method thatRead MoreUnion-Management Cooperation: The Key to Workplace Harmony and Economic Prosperity2029 Words   |  9 Pagesemployee morale and more efficient management operations . Along with increased wages, unions defend workers from arbitrary management decisions and provide them with a voice in the work place and the political arena. Positive impacts of unions on business have even been cited by managers of some organized companies. Former Chairman of General Motors Thomas Murphy issued this statement regarding unions years after the formation of the United Auto Workers: â€Å"The UWA may and introduced the sit-down strikeRead MoreMcdonalds Case Study5585 Words   |  23 PagesRavi Shankar Submitted By: Mansi Chanana Udit Bhatia 4455 4447 BBS-III (M) Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies Acknowledgement Perseverance, inspiration and motivation have always played a key role in the success of any venture. It has been a privilege that Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies has given us the opportunity to work on business projects as part of the course curriculum. These projects serve as a stepping stone into the corporate world and to knowRead MoreThe Wacc Fallacy: the Real Eï ¬â‚¬ects of Using a Unique Discount Rate18805 Words   |  76 PagesThe WACC Fallacy: The Real Eï ¬â‚¬ects of Using a Unique Discount Rate 1 Philipp Kr ¨ ger u Geneva Finance Research Institute - Universit ´ de Gen`ve e e Augustin Landier Toulouse School of Economics David Thesmar HEC Paris and CEPR First Version: February 2011 This Version: September 2011 We greatly appreciate comments and suggestions by Malcolm Baker, Andor Gy ¨rgy, Owen Lamont, o Masahiro Watanabe, Jeï ¬â‚¬ Wurgler and seminar participants at the NBER Behavioral Finance Spring Meeting, the

Poverty Assignment Free Essays

Answering question number #3 and #4 in the assignment #3 Below what income would her family be eligible to receive Medicaid, Child Health Plus (SCHIP), Food Stamps, and subsidized child care? This can be summarized briefly. -Medicaid For families of three, maximum net income to qualify for Medicaid is $1285 Alternatives: Family Health Plus (a public health insurance program for adults who are aged 19 to 64 who have income too high to qualify for Medicaid.Family Health Plus is available to single adults, couples without children, and parents who are residents of New York State and are United States citizens or fall under one of many immigration categories) Maximum Gross Annual Income Guide Effective January 1, 2010| Family Size| Yearly Income| Monthly Income| Weekly Income| Single Adult| $10,830| $ 903| $208| Couples with No Children| $14,570| $ 1,215| $280| Parents/Guardians Living with at Least 1 Child Under 21| Family Size 2| $21,855| $1,822| $420| Family Size 3| $27,465| $2,289| $ 528|Family Size 4| $33,075| $2,757| $636| Family Size 5| $38,685| $3,224| $743| Family Size 6| $44,295| $3,692| $851| Family Size 7| $49,905| $4,159| $959| For each additional person add:| +$ 5,610| +$ 468| +$ 107| She is qualified. We will write a custom essay sample on Poverty Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is no cost to apply for Family Health Plus and there are no deductibles once you are enrolled. Once enrolled you may be asked to pay part of the costs of some medical care/services. This is called a co-payment or co-pay. Family Health Plus provides comprehensive health insurance coverage.When you choose a health plan, you will have a regular doctor, get regular checkups and see specialists, if needed. Coverage includes: * physician services; * inpatient and outpatient hospital care; * prescription drugs and smoking cessation products; * lab tests and x-rays; * vision, speech and hearing services; * rehabilitative services (some limits apply); * durable medical equipment; * emergency room and emergency ambulance services; * behavioral health and chemical dependence services (which includes drug, alcohol and mental health treatment – some limits apply); * diabetic supplies and equipment; hospice care; * radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hemodialysis; * dental services (if offered by the health plan); and * family planning and reproductive health services. (http://www. health. state. ny. us/nysdoh/fhplus/) Child Health Plus To be eligible for either Children’s Medicaid or Child Health Plus, children must be under the age of 19 and be residents of New York State. Whether a child qualifies for Children’s Medicaid or Child Health Plus depends on gross family income.Children who are not eligible for Medicaid can enroll in Child Health Plus if they don’t already have health insurance and are not eligible for coverage under the public employees’ state health benefits plan. Some children who were covered by employer-based health insurance within the past six months may be subject to a waiting period before they can be enrolled in Child Health Plus. Determining whether your child is subject to a waiting period will depend on your household income and the reason your child(ren) lost employer-based coverage. Check the following income charts to see whether your child will most likely qualify for Children’s Medicaid or Child Health Plus. Children’s Medicaid Food Stamp The result from FNS Snap Eligibility http://www. snap-step1. usda. gov/fns/ You might be eligible to receive other benefits too, like these: Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Child Nutrition Disaster Food Programs EITC- The earned income credit (EITC) is a tax credit for certain people who work and have low wages.A tax credit usually means more money in your pocket. It reduces the amount of tax you owe. The EITC may also give you a refund. ( http://www. irs. gov/individuals/article/0,,id=96466,00. html) This program offers a Federal income tax credit for working individuals and families who earned less than $48,279 during 2009. (http://www. govbenefits. gov/govbenefits_en. portal? _nfpb=true;amp;locateFederalFlow_1_actionOverride=%2FLocateFederalFlow%2Freport;amp;_windowLabel=locateFederalFlow_1;amp;locateFederalFlow_1bid=939;amp;locateFederalFlow_1_code=67;amp;_pageLabel=gbcc_page_locate_federal)Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) National School Lunch Program #4 If she experiences food, housing, or medical emergencies, what are some other resources available to her family in the local community? This can also be summarized briefly. About FD Food Disaster Assistance Ensuring that people have access to food is perhaps one of the most immediate concerns following a disaster, such as a storm, earthquake, civil disturbance, or a flood.The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is responsible for effectively managing the federal response and recovery efforts following any national incident, coordinating relief efforts, and making assistance available to States, communities, businesses and i ndividuals. Through its Food and Nutrition Service, USDA assists in three ways: * Provides commodity foods for shelters and other mass feeding sites. * Distributes commodity food packages directly to households in need.* Issues emergency SNAP benefits. http://www. fns. usda. ov/fdd/programs/fd-disasters/ TANF (Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) http://otda. ny. gov/main/programs/temporary-assistance/ What is Temporary Assistance? Temporary Assistance is temporary help for needy men, women and children. If you are unable to work, can’t find a job, or your job does not pay enough, TA may be able to help you pay for your expenses. What is an Emergency? An emergency is an urgent need or situation that has to be taken care of right away. Some examples of an emergency are: * You are homeless * You have little or no food Your landlord has told you that you must move or has given you eviction papers * You do not have fuel for heating in the cold weather period * Your utilities are shut-off or are about to be shut-off, or you have a 72-hour disconnect notice * You or someone in your family has been beaten, abused or threatened with violence by a husband, wife, partner or other member of the household 60 month limit TEMPORARY CASH ASSISTANCE Eligible families may receive up to 60 months of federally funded cash assistance under the Tempor ary Aid to Needy Families Program (TANF).Single individuals without children may receive benefits under the New York State Safety Net Program. Also, families who have received cash assistance for 60 months may continue to receive benefits under the New York State Safety Net Program. Temporary benefits include: * A cash grant that includes a shelter portion, energy assistance grants, and additional money to assist with other expenses; You may also be eligible for: * Food Assistance through the food stamp program * Medical coverage under one of New York State’s public health insurance programs. How to cite Poverty Assignment, Papers

Grading System free essay sample

Today’s world computer is more reliable when it comes to information. Computer is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than one kind of problem. Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs). |the inefficiency of the policies | | |ignorance |International declaration of laws for children. |promulgated by the government to | | |lack of education |â€Å"Sagip Batang Manggagawa† Program during Aquino’s |eradicate child labor. The government| | |exploitation of cheap and unorganized |governance |has tried to curb child labor, | | |labor |â€Å"Global March Against Child Labor† , an international|pushing for the enforcement of age | | | |campaign to champion the cause of some 250 million |limits in the work place, providing | | | |children worldwide who are forced to work for |protection for young workers. The | | | |survival. efforts have largely failed because | | | | |of the lack of muscles to back up | | | | |these laws. | Ways on how can I improve the status condition of the identified social problems and issues. My role as a teacher in society is both significant and valuable. It has far-reaching influence on the society and no other personality can have an influence more profound than that of a teacher. Students are deeply affected by the teachers love and affection, his character, his competence, and his moral commitment. My importance as a teacher is an architect of our future generations. Fails to find an opening in any other walk of life gets into this profession and recklessly plays with the destiny of the nation and contribute to a worst condition of the country’s social problems and issues Educating the young to meet these challenges has become a priority objective for every society. The young generation is entering a world which is changing in all spheres – scientific and technological, political, economic, social and cultural. The outlines of the ‘knowledge- based’ society of the future are forming. As a teacher I may say that I can lead my student anywhere. During their early education, the students tend to determine their aims in life and their future plans, in consultation with their teachers. Therefore, I can play a prominent role in making the future of my students. As a teacher I should consider my duty to educate and train my students and should feel responsible for it. My stand on the RH Bill As the issues about the RH Bill are getting hot and have become the center of a controversial national debate, still I am in support for it. The Reproductive Health bill, popularly known as the RH bill, aim to guarantee universal access to methods and information on birth control and maternal care. I stand within this government program not to go against the religious law but to be concerned on the good aspect within the RH Bill. One of the main concerns of the bill, is the rapid growth of population in the Philippines. It states that the Filipinos are responsive to having smaller-sized families through free choice of family planning methods. The rapid population growth worsens poverty while poverty spawns rapid population growth. And so this bill may be of help to improved quality of life through a consistent and coherent national population policy. The connection between rapid population growth and poverty affects the economic growth and population growth rates of Philippines. It indicates that the RH Bill program can be of great help for economic growth and poverty reduction. Prepared by: Precious Raizel J. Anonuevo

A Midsummers Night Dream1 Essay Example For Students

A Midsummers Night Dream1 Essay reason and love keep little company together nowadays. This quote from the play is extremely applicable. In the world in which we live there is always a reason for love. You do not wake up and automatically fall in love with someone. You meet someone, get to know them and then form a relationship. All bets are off in this play. At first we see that there are relationships formed. Lysander and Hermia are in love, but Demetrius also loves Hermia. To make matters worse Helena loves Demetrius. And finally Egeus, Hermias father, wants her to be with Demetrius, not Lysander. Because of the lack of character development we do not understand why any of this is this way, but we accept it none the less.After Puck puts the love juice in the eyes of the characters all that we have come to know about the characters changes. Lysander and Demetrius both end up hating Hermia and loving Helena. There would be no other human reason for this to happen. In another part of the story Titania, Queen of the fairies, falls in love with Bottom, who is one of the rustics. Bottom ends up with the head of an ass, but Titania still loves him. Once again there is no human way for any of this to happen, but we do not question it because all of these unusual events take place in the forest, which we learn is very magical. In Act III we see how very true the statement, reason and love keep little company together nowadays. Is. We see the queen of the fairies in love with a mortal and not just any mortal, but one with an asses head. This is the act in which we see the four lovers in love with all of the wrong people. Lysander and Demetrius not only fall out of love with Hermia, but also act very cruelly toward her. And example of this would be when Lysander says to Hermia, Get you gone, you dwarf! You minimus, of hindering knotgrass made! You bead, you acorn! They also mock her dark complexion while praising Helena on how beautiful she is. Unfortunately Helena thinks they are all acting in this manner to make fun of her. She proves this by saying, O spite! O hell! I see you are all bent to set against me for your merriment. (Act 3.2 line 145) and Never did mockers waist more idle breath. (Line 168) Helena also thinks Hermia is mocking her when in actuality Hermia has no idea what is going on either. We can see that Helena believes Hermia is against her in line 192 when she states, Lo, she is one of this confederacy! All control is in the hands of the fairies throughout the play in Act IV, the fairies mend all of the confusion they have caused in Act III. Titania falls out of love with Bottom and he no longer has the head of an ass. Lysander and Hermia fall back in love with one another. Demetrius and Helena fall in love as well. Basically, they all live happily ever after, yet none of them know or understand why. This is why reason and love keep little company throughout this play. Bibliography:

Ese Program Comprehensive Exam Essay - What to Look For in a Course

Ese Program Comprehensive Exam Essay - What to Look For in a CourseIf you are a graduate student in the Engineering field and you plan to take an Ese Program Comprehensive Exam Essay, then you must be at a loss to decide on the material that you would like to study. There are numerous types of materials to choose from. The content of the Ese Exam is based on the career of the candidate; hence they must be chosen as per your career path.When it comes to Ese Exam and Essay selection, it is very important to know that to be successful in your career you must choose an ideal Essay type. The material that you are studying for can be customized to fit your needs. The question and answer form for the Essay can be helpful and it will also have a lot of practice exam questions that will help you familiarize yourself with the exam.This will help you study and prepare for the practical examination. Some universities have their own website where they offer great information regarding the differe nt topics related to the College. It is up to you to find out all the details. In this day and age where computers are the most used devices in our daily lives, you can also study the online program to augment your knowledge base.However, the best way to know the kind of program you should choose is to consult with your friend who is studying for the same. You should take their recommendation. Your friend can also give you helpful advice about the kind of material that you will need to study in preparation for the Exam.Most of the websites have ample of Ese Exam and Essay samples to study from. The amount of materials offered by the websites vary, but many websites offer sample in a number of subjects.The best option that you have is to find out the Ese study materials which come with a CD containing practice exams. These are just meant to motivate you and make you work harder to complete your exams. It is good to find out the quality of the course, the teacher's experience and perf ormance, the educational facility that you are getting through the program, and the cost of the program.The best way to select Ese program that suits your career is to look at the above factors first before choosing any program. Make a note of the things that are going to happen during the course, so that you are able to plan accordingly. Once you know these things, you can make a well-planned decision and finalize the selection process.

101 Peer Review and Machines Professor Ramos Blog

101 Peer Review and Machines Kelly Better Than Human Quick Write Kevin Kelly argues that machines will eventually take over many jobs that we now perform. Depending on how you are looking at this scenario, this could be a good or bad thing. How you do see machines taking over our jobs? Kelly Better Than Human In small groups, find statements in the articles that explain their attitudes. Find a positive and negative statements from both the Carr (424), Is Google Making us Stupid? and Kelly, Better Than Human articles. Carr Positive Statement Negative Statement Kelly Positive Statement Negative Statement Nicholas Carr is less optimistic about the future impact of technology. Who do you find more persuasive, Carr or Kelly? Quick Write Have you ever had a good experience workshopping a paper? Why was it good? Why was it bad? Peer Review We are going to peer review first. I want to make sure you have enough time before the lesson for today. Before we peer review, I want you to take a look at your own draft. Add dialogue, find a spot to add in some dialogue. Add details  of a character or an artifact in your narrative. What can you describe or add details too? Are you giving enough context so the reader follows along? Add an image  to help tell the story. What image would help the reader? What image is related to your literacy? Effective Title. What should you title your essay? What would be a good title that makes your reader want to read the essay and prepares them for it.Fall Semester Examples This is the first of many peer reviews. Keep these things in mind. Peer edit the same way you revise your own work. Be specific in identifying problems or opportunities. Offer suggestions for improvement. Praise what is genuinely good in the paper. Quick Write Comment below with your plan of action for revising your draft. Be specific, give some details!

Ultimate List of Content Marketing Platforms, Software and Tools You Need

Ultimate List of Content Marketing Platforms, Software and Tools You Need There are tons of marketing tools and platforms out there. Not to mention other free resources. And guides. So many guides. Oh, and let’s not forget books, courses, and other knowledge and skill-building resources. What can we say? It’s a complex and fast-moving business. Keeping organized while covering skill gaps and staying on top of the latest trends isn’t easy. But, nor should it be. If it were easy, everyone would be crushing it. So, how can you give yourself the edge? Start by narrowing down your tools and learning resources to the essentials. The things you absolutely need that will help you succeed. In this post, we’ve brought together everything you need in one place. Consider this your catalog for a better future. Ultimate List of Content Marketing Platforms, Software and Tools You Need There are tons of marketing tools and platforms out there. Not to mention other free resources. And guides. So many guides. Oh, and let’s not forget books, courses, and other knowledge and skill-building resources. What can we say? It’s a complex and fast-moving business. Keeping organized while covering skill gaps and staying on top of the latest trends isn’t easy. But, nor should it be. If it were easy, everyone would be crushing it. So, how can you give yourself the edge? Start by narrowing down your tools and learning resources to the essentials. The things you absolutely need that will help you succeed. In this post, we’ve brought together everything you need in one place. Consider this your catalog for a better future. Ultimate List of Content Marketing Platforms, Software and Tools You Need There are tons of marketing tools and platforms out there. Not to mention other free resources. And guides. So many guides. Oh, and let’s not forget books, courses, and other knowledge and skill-building resources. What can we say? It’s a complex and fast-moving business. Keeping organized while covering skill gaps and staying on top of the latest trends isn’t easy. But, nor should it be. If it were easy, everyone would be crushing it. So, how can you give yourself the edge? Start by narrowing down your tools and learning resources to the essentials. The things you absolutely need that will help you succeed. In this post, we’ve brought together everything you need in one place. Consider this your catalog for a better future.

Strategic Management Critically evaluate the contribution the paper Literature review

Strategic Management Critically evaluate the contribution the paper makes to the knowledge base on strategic management in org - Literature review Example Research findings reveal that specific and challenging, but achievable, goals are firmly connected to task performance and motivation but only a few are studied concerning the value of goal setting to complex organisations. According to Bassett (1993), studies on goal setting have usually included small teams of workers or large organisations. One of the current studies on the applicability of goal setting theory to complex organisations, and which is the focus of this critical review, is Francesco Ceresia’s A Model of Goal-Dynamics in Technology-based Organisations. The author uses four major theoretical paradigms, namely, (1) goal setting, (2) management by objective practices (MbO), (3) workers’ motivation, and (4) organisational performance. The objective of the study is to create a systems dynamics (SD) model that will demonstrate the relationships between goal setting processes, product sales dynamics, workers’ motivation or commitment, and managing of the processes of goal setting. The researcher uses an imaginary Commercial Department (Alpha s.r.l.) to illustrate the reliability and validity of its causal loop diagram, or SD model in determining the correlation among the four theoretical paradigms aforementioned. ... A General Review of the Theoretical Perspectives in Ceresia’s Study In order to accurately, critically analyse Ceresia’s study, it is important to discuss first the different theoretical perspectives that have influenced the development of the study’s objectives and focus. These theories elaborate the fundamental principles that guide the product sales and organizational performance of Beta s.r.l. Since each of these perspectives embodies some relevant assumptions concerning the appropriate structure for systems dynamics, employee, and management, an idea of the principles underlying them is highly useful. Goal Setting for Task Performance Goal setting generate more improved outcomes than failure to set goals. Nevertheless, the explanations are multifaceted. Difficult goals and several controllers and intermediaries should be established before better task performance occurs (Katzell & Yankelovich 1975). However, performance is not a fixed term. Furthermore, perf ormance is not the goal in itself. Sooner or later, workers should be rewarded or recognised for efficient performance if the organisation wants them to stay dedicated to their task and to the organisation, as well (Sengupta 2006). Employee satisfaction is linked to dedication and commitment. If goals are difficult, the enabling controllers are existent, and the intermediaries are functioning, task performance will be efficient and productive on any component the goal identifies as vital, such as quality, quantity, and so on (Curtis 1994). Three fundamental forms of ‘specific’ outcome measures can be applied to assess task performance in the work setting. These three are used in Ceresia’s study (Meyers, Riccucci & Lurie 2001): (1) units of

Sociology and the culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology and the culture - Essay Example Multiculturalism can be defined as the notion that American society should be understood as a collection of diverse cultural groups rather than as a single, unified national body on one hand or as simply an aggregate of atomized individuals on the other. A multiculturalism sensibility implies that the government must recognize and respect if not nurture the diversity and integrity of racial and ethnic communities. The reason why different student groups define success in different ways is that different race and ethnical groups have sometimes their own understanding of their roles in American society which based on historical background and in some cases on public opinion. American society still operates in a paradigm in which an individual is a member of the "majority" or the "minority," either White or Non-White. This Black-Non White binary has influenced courts' and legislatures' race-conscious remedies such as school desegregation orders and employment discrimination claims. The White-Non-White paradigm is injurious, because instead of promoting equality, it promotes the dominance of whiteness. "White" becomes the singular point of reference for all other races; if one is not White, the "other" race to which one belongs is immaterial.

Application Of Molecular Genetics To Crops

Application Of Molecular Genetics To Crops The science of biotechnology is likely to be to the first half of the 21st century what the computer was to the second half of the 20th century. Its implications are profound, its potential benefits massive. Britain is well placed to keep our lead in Europe. I want to make it clear: we dont intend to let our leadership fall behind and are prepared to back that commitment with investment. are the words of Tony Blair at the European Bioscience Conference (November 2000) (cited in Francesca Tencalla, 2005), which is the best way to present my positive answer towards the question. The molecular genetics positively impacts the plant breeding paradigm. Introduction: Centuries ago, the science was unknown to the farmers but the present agricultural scenario is changing its traditional frame of conventional breeding to the most recent and modernized frame of molecular plant breeding. Today, the world agriculture is facing great challenges on four fronts visually, Production, Population, Pollution, and Politics. Also, the change in climate (global warming) is the next major challenge for the crops, as unlike animals they can not move from one place to another. The prospects for feeding humanity as we are in 21st century often are portrayed in a daunting light to keep pace with the population growth. As we are told that worlds population has been growing faster than crop production, since the early 1980s and is expected to be 8 billion in next or two decades. At this point, we need to think in-depth about the opportunities to meet these challenges and to improve the crop production at a subsequent rate. Are the agronomic practices merely going to pl ay the key role or the refined crop protection measures will be the major part of increase in crop production, at this junction of scientific development? No other than, molecular genetics and the application of molecular techniques to enhance the efficiency of plant breeding, will play the crucial role in crop improvement, is a promise to the next generations (Ben Miflin, 2000). At the turn of the 20th century, the discovery of principles of natural selection and hybridization by Darwin and the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics served as the basis for plant breeding and genetics. In the same way, tremendous increase in crop yields in the 21st century has been powered by the development of plant biotechnology, -omics era of molecular biology, and molecular genetics. The recent techniques of molecular genetics are emerging continuously to overcome the demand of growing population (Moose et al., 2008). The chief objective of molecular genetics is to enhance crop production and crop produce usefulness by genetic modification of crop plants; this is precisely what plant breeding has been doing from the day prehistoric man began to domesticate the orphan (wild) species. The molecular genetic techniques aim to give traditional breeding a technological boost, says Jorge Dubcovsky, a wheat molecular geneticist from University of California, whose group is presently working on Marker Assisted selection in wheat for 23 separate traits, conferring resistance to insect-pests, fungi and viruses. His enthusiastic claim is that this research could offer the wings for crop improvement to plant breeding what jet engine has brought to air travel. Basic Terms: Plant Breeding is an art as well as science of improving genetic makeup of plants in relation to their economic use (Paul et al., 2006; Singh B.D., 2003). Molecular genetics refers to the study of molecules, our genes, their structure and functions at molecular level. Also studies the transfer of genes from one generation to the next. It employs the principles of genetics and methods of molecular biology (NCBI, Wikipedia). Recently, Crop improvement is the science of value addition to the existing crop species by using the technique, which marries conventional plant breeding with molecular biology, to get theatrical gains in yield (Austin R.B., 1986). Hundred years of Genetics: (From domestication to transformation) Plant breeding deals with the aspect of crop production. In early days, plant breeding was mainly based on skills and the abilities of the breeder involved in the programme. But as the genetic engineering and the tools of molecular genetics were elucidated, breeding methods and programmes were designed in their light. Plant breeding began with the domestication, when primitive men cultivated the first crop for the benefit of mankind. Thereafter, the process of exploiting the crops for improvement of their commercial values has a long history in itself. As early as 700 B.C., Babylonians and Assyrians performed artificial pollination in date palm. Then, the first artificial hybrid named Fairchilds mule produced by Thomas Fairchild by crossing carnation with sweet William in 1717. These provide the clear evidence of plant breeding exist as an art before the discovery of Mendelian genetics. In 1900, the rediscovery of Gregor John Mendels paper provided the foundation for the vast knowledge of genetics for crop improvement. A noteworthy development resulted from the discoveries of G.H. Shull on inbreeding in maize (Zea mays), led to the production of hybrid varieties in maize, sorghum, cotton, rice and several other crops. Green Revolution, one of the greatest achievements in the modern plant breeding has been the introduction of dwarf gene in cereals, particularly in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa), (Borlaug, 2000). In 1960, Allozymes the first biochemical genetic markers were on hand. The next decade provided new tools to geneticists of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Southern blotting. Taq polymerase was found in 1980 and shortly Polymerase chain reaction was developed, which is now routinely used in plant breeding research. The recently developed technology is single nucleotide polymorphic markers based on high density DNA arrays, a technique known as Gene Chips (Rodomiro Ortiz, 1998). In 1980, the era of biotechnology began with the successful production of the first transgenic plant using Agrobacterium (Moose and Mumm, 2008). The methods of crop improvement have changed dramatically through last 25 years. The continued exploitation of biotechnology and the integration of genomic tools in crop improvement widen the plant breeding research. The novel genetic approaches like next generation sequencing (NGS), high-throughput marker genotyping, advanced-backcross QTL analysis, introgression libraries (ILs), multi-parent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) population, can be harnessed to recognize the genetic variations within the crop species and between cultivated and wild species (Varshney et al., 2009). The seeds of molecular genetics are immensely sprouting and sooner will grow into a self-sufficient fruitful plant to alleviate the world hunger. Application and Impact of Molecular Genetics on Crop Improvement: The Father of Green Revolution, Dr. Norman Borlaug said in an interview: Biotechnology helps farmers produce higher yields on less land. This is a very environmentally favorable benefit. He justified his statement by giving the fact that the worlds grain output in 1950 was 692 million tonnes. After forty years or so later, the worlds farmers sown the crops in about the same acreage of land but they harvested 1.9 billion tonnes that counts the 170% increase in global production. To get this increased production in 1999 using the same conventional breeding, farmers would have needed an additional land of 1.8 billion hectares, instead of using 600 million as used in 1950 (www.actionbioscience.org). Opportunely, plant breeding research is at an arena where there are remarkable advances being made at molecular levels and these endow with opportunities to augment the molecular technologies available for crop improvement as outlined below. Distant hybridization: With the advancement of molecular genetics, it is now possible to transfer genes between distantly related plants. Now genes can be transferred interspecific and intergeneric. Recombinant DNA technology can be amplified to transfer the desirable genes from lower level organisms. For example, Progenies derived from rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) plants pollinated by Oenothera biennis exhibited numerous morphological and developmental traits. Results from amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis showed that several rice lines contained extensive genetic variations, which included disappearance of rice parental bands and/or appearance of novel bands (Chu Xiu Chang et al., 2007). Recombinant DNA technology: There are two methods for crop improvement using r-DNA technology namely, direct and indirect methods. The direct method involves the introduction of novel gene(s) to crops by transformation outside the constraints of sexual crossing. Whereas, the indirect method involves the improving crops by the development of molecular markers (Miflin, CIHEAM). These methods have their specific significance in plant breeding so, are discussed as under. Molecular Markers for crop improvement: Molecular marker refers to the easily detectable marker linked to a desirable trait. The plant breeding analyses like, early generation selection, enrichment of complex F1 generation, choice of donor parent in backcrossing, recovery of recurrent parent genotype in backcrossing, linkage block analysis and selection, exploit molecular markers as a valuable tool. Application of molecular markers in plant breeding includes Germplasm characterization/fingerprinting, determining seed purity, systematic sampling of Germplasm, and phylogenetic analysis. Molecular markers played a key role in replacing bioassays (Varshney et al., 2008). Crop plants exhibit 20-50,000 genes, out of which only few are of our interest in crop improvement. Conventional linkage maps are based on these genes of interest which have distinct morphological effect. But there are limitations in such maps as they cannot map out the genes governing quantitative traits, are time consuming and tedious. Therefore, emphases were made to focus on molecular markers for linkage mapping. There are many types of molecular markers visually isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), cleaved amplified polymorphic sites (CAPS), simple sequence repeats (SSR), amplified length fragment polymorphism (AFLP), and the latest includes single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and single feature polymorphism (SFP), (Bertrand C. Y Collard and David J Mackill, 2008; Varshney et al., 2006). Out of these, SSR or microsatellite is the most widely used marker in major cereal crops (Bertrand C. Y Collard and David J Mackill, 2008). The SNP and DArT (diversity array technology) markers are other high-throughput markers, which can be used to prepare the whole genome map even without the availability of sequence data for the crop (Varshney et al., 2006). In recent years, noteworthy and stimulating progress has been made in marker assisted technology and the development of markers linked to the gene of interest. Some important achievements are given in table 1. Molecular Assisted Selection (MAS): MAS (figure 1) speed ups and makes conventional breeding easier as herein, linked molecular markers are used for indirect selection of desirable traits that were difficult to select earlier in seedling stage (Anushri Varshney et al., 2004). Jonathan et al., 1998, while performing their research on Musa found that due to its triploid nature, the highly relevant generation and the precise linkage maps is not usually attainable. So, to generate linkage map, they first generated traditional linkage map based on diploid relatives and extrapolation to the polyploidy crop and then did polyploidy mapping based on single dose markers in population derived from crosses between tetraploid and diploid genotypes. Thus, it became possible to generate the linkage map of current Musa, which is an allotetraploid. Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics is often overlooked side of molecular marker strategies. As we know that molecular technologies produces a large number of data, with great chances of error introduction during handling and interpretation. The correct accreditation of data is necessary for getting the precise results after a long run of experiments, so for maintaining that huge amount of data bioinformatics enabled such software that provide accurate results and are available through World Wide Web (Simmonds et al., 1999). Quantitative trait Loci (QTL): The most interesting use of molecular markers is the efficient selection of traits. They also made it possible to select polygenic traits controlled by QTLs, by the use of molecular markers like RFLPs and isozymes. Interesting work has been done on QTL by Tanksley et al., on tomatoes, Stuber et al., on maize, McCough and Doerge on rice and Bradshaw et al. on potatoes. The future research can be made in improving the disease resistance in cereal crops (Simmonds et al., 1999). Development of nodules in cereals: Leguminous plants have root nodules that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria known as Rhizobium. These bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in root nodules in the form of nitrates. If this gene can be transferred or active root nodules can be developed in cereal crops like wheat, rice, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, barley etc. thus, the reliability of crops on chemical fertilizers would be reduced leading to a significant reduction in cost of production as well as environmental pollution. The introduction of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation into the major non-legume crops of the world would be one of the most significant contributions that biotechnology could make to agricultural sustainability. With this objective, Edward C. Cocking et al., studied the interaction of rhizobia with the root systems of cereals. They have already confirmed that some naturally occurring rhizobia, such as Parasponia species those isolated from root nodules of non-legume and Aeschynomene from stem nodules of tropical legume species, are able to enter the root systems of maize, rice and wheat by crack entry means the part of plant where lateral roots emerge through the root cortex, so it results to the both inter and intra cellular penetration of rhizobiain, particularly in the cortex of emerging lateral roots. In the recent study, they have interacted oxygen tolerant Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 (kindly donated by Dr J K Ladha, IRRI) isolated from stem nodules of the tropical legume Sesbania rostrata with the root systems of rice and wheat. We have found that intracellular invasion of cells of the cortex of roots of both rice (IR42 and Lemont) and wheat (Wembley) results in plants that are active in nitrogen fixation as determined using acetylene reduction assays (Edward C. Cocking et al.). The Plants for future: (Development of transgenic plants) Transgenic plant is the product of genetic engineering, with artificially inserted foreign gene (Adina Breiman and Esra Galun, 1997). The most important tool in plant biotechnology is the transgenic plant production. This technique requires the study of chromosome at molecular levels, genome sequencing and the identification, selection and then insertion of gene of interest form same species in modified form, or related wild species, unrelated species, genus, across kingdom or from microbes (bacteria, virus, fungi). The successful commercialization of first transgenic crop in 1996 is the remarkable achievement in plant breeding and biotechnology. In 2008, globally both the number of countries (25 countries are GM growers) as well as the number of farmers (13.3 million farmers) growing transgenic crops in 125 million hectares of land, has increased significantly (Table-2), (ISAAA web pages). This technology boosts yields, reduce pesticide usage, increase fertilizer efficiency, enhance disease, drought, pest, resistances to various crops. Recently, Sugarbeet RR herbicide resistant variety is grown in USA, gives significant positive results. Another milestone of transgenic breeding is GOLDEN RICE: genetically modified rice that contain bets carotene which can produce vitamin-A, once consumed (Potrykus, 2001). The production of golden rice presents a second green revolution, where certain countries will become the sole producers of major money making crop. It is believed that this would be the most dominating science in future that will play the most crucial role in the crop improvement and can satisfy the growing world hunger. Future prospects: We already have genetically modified crops for various interesting traits, which are developed so far generally involve only the addition of a single gene. Looking to the future, its unclear whether complex traits, which are thought to involve multiple genes, will be amenable to manipulation through genetic engineering (Jonathan Knight, 2003). All these techniques are costly and the research in public sectors is less due to lack of funds. There is the thrust of evolving the more precise, accelerating and cheaper molecular methods that can revolutionized the world agriculture. DNA chip technology and user friendly marker system are the evolving trends in future. For sustainable and self sufficient agriculture, we need carry out continuous efforts in positive direction. There should be the willingness to accept the research and research products globally, politically and socially as well. Then only we can expect second green revolution. Conclusion: We are at the stage of broad and rapid era of science development in all the fields. Time is ripe for the second green revolution which would not only concentrate on increased productivity but also on value added traits to reduce cost of production, pollution dangers and improved quality. Rapid development of plant biotechnology, particularly molecular genetics will serve as the basis for the second green revolution. To speed up the production process economically, to fulfill the aspirations of huge populace, to achieve diversification and adding value to the primary produce so as to make agriculture enterprise farmers as well as environmental friendly. Advanced technologies are expected to materialize many of our expectations in the 21st century. On the other hand, if we arrogantly enjoy the past but ignore the new challenges, or underestimates our capabilities and feel afraid of innovations like GM crops, it is possible that we miss the good opportunities, as said in this Chinese p roverb, Ninety miles is only the half way of a hundred-mile journey. Confucius once said: The passage of time is just like the flow of the river, which goes on day and night, forever. The past glories are the momentum for our new journey; the journey of science, journey of development, journey towards the state of self reliance, while the lessons from the past may teach us to be smarter. We need molecular genetics to make historic contributions to the rejuvenation of the plant breeding and thus the agriculture.